The functional neuroanatomy of sustained attention involves cingulate, prefrontal, and parietal cortices; supplementary motor area; frontal eye field; and cerebellum (Bauer et al., 2020; Pinar et al., 2018).
Those involved in substance use often co-use both cannabis and cigarettes (Agrawal et al., 2012; Hindocha et al., 2016; Weinberger et al., 2018).
Functional brain networks can predict various behavioral traits, such as substance use (Yip et al., 2019) and sustained attention (Rosenberg et al., 2016).
A latent change score model can quantify bidirectional longitudinal relations between substance use and both behaviors and brain activity associated with sustained attention, shedding light on how substance use impacts sustained attention and its associated brain activity, and vice versa.
We first obtained task-related whole-brain connectivity and then used connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to predict sustained attention from ages 14 to 23.

A robust brain network for sustained attention from adolescence to adulthood that predicts later substance use