Our previous study also demonstrated that this type of personalized neoantigen vaccine can effectively prevent recurrence of primary liver cancer after surgery (Cai et al., 2021).
As a mammalian virus-like protein, PEG10 is the first to be developed to deliver mRNA and protein as eVLP (Abed et al., 2019; Pandya et al., 2021; Segel et al., 2021).
When we used αPD-1 or αTIM-3 for combined intervention, the antitumor effect was superiors than neoantigen vaccine only (Chen et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022; Lin et al., 2024).
IL-10 can reduce the exhaustion level of T cells through metabolic reprogramming (Guo et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2024); IL-7 and IL-15 can moderately promote T cell proliferation and maintain the stemness of activated CD8+ T cells (Adachi et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2019).
Using this strategy, we further designed CpG-ODN modified tumor vaccine ePAC, which can effectively accumulate in the lymph nodes for DC targeting and stimulation.

Engineering PEG10assembled endogenous virus-like particles with genetically encoded neoantigen peptides for cancer vaccination